In 2024, domestic research and development expenditure equalled 3.12% of GDP in Germany and 1.41% in Italy. This compares intensity: Germany’s ratio is about 2.21 times Italy’s, rather than a measure of spending per person. [1]
The selection also includes Sweden (3.53%), France (2.18%), Greece (1.53%) and Spain (1.50%). The EU total is 2.26%, flagged as estimated in the table. The 3% line marks the target set at EU level, not a result achieved across the countries. [1][3]
The indicator covers research performed in the economy by businesses, government, higher education and private non-profit organisations, whatever the funding source. It is not just a public budget measure. The 2024 data were updated on 3 November 2026; the Datobello chart is dated 13 November. Positive Times adaptation; Eurostat is not responsible for it. [2][4][1]